GATT

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade started as an international trade organization in 1947 and has been superseded by the World Trade Organization (WTO). GATT, the agreement, covers international trade in goods.

GCI

A business requirements group that brings manufacturers and retailers together on a worldwide basis to simplify and enhance global commerce, and improve consumer value in the overall retail supply chain.

GDSN

The GDSN is an internet-based, interconnected network of interoperable data pools and a Global Registry - the GS1 Global Registry - that enables companies around the world to exchange standardized and synchronized supply chain data with their trading partners.

Get the big players in the fold first, offering equity if necessary

An approach to business strategy, where a company aims to secure the involvement of key stakeholders or major players in the industry, by offering them equity shares.

Global Location Number (GLN)

A unique location number is mandatory within the Global Data Synchronization process to identify data owners/info providers, etc., such as distributors, brokers, and manufacturers.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that uses satellites to precisely locate an object on Earth is used by trucking companies to locate over-the-road equipment.

Global Standards Management Process (GSMP)

The Global Standards Management Process (GSMP) is the global process established in January 2002 by EAN International and the Uniform Code Council, Inc. (UCC) for the development and maintenance of global standards and global implementation guidelines that are part of the EAN.UCC system.

Global Strategy

An organization's strategic guide to globalization is a global strategy. This strategy may be appropriate in industries where firms face strong pressures for cost reduction but weak pressures for local responsiveness. Therefore, the strategy allows these firms to sell a standardized product worldwide. However, fixed costs (capital equipment) are substantial. Nevertheless, these firms are able to take advantage of scale economies and experience curve effects because of their ability to mass-produce a standard product, which can be exported, provided that demand is greater than the costs involved.

Global Trade Item Number (GTIN)

A unique number that comprises up to 14 digits and is used to identify an item (product or service) for which there is a need to retrieve predefined information that may be priced, ordered, or invoiced at any point in the supply chain. The definition covers raw materials through end-user products and includes services, all of which have predefined characteristics. GTIN is the globally unique EAN.UCC System identification number or key used for trade items (products and services). It's used for uniquely identifying trade items (products and services) sold, delivered, warehoused, and billed throughout the retail and commercial distribution channels. Unlike a UPC number, which only provides information specific to a group of products, the GTIN gives each product its own specific identifying number, providing greater tracking accuracy. See EPC.

Going-concern value

The value that a firm has as an entity, as opposed to the sum of the values of each of its parts taken separately, is particularly important in determining what constitutes a reasonable railroad rate.

Gondola

A railcar with a flat platform and sides three to five feet high is used for top-loading long and heavy items.

Good Distribution Practices

Quality warranty system that provides guidelines for the proper distribution of medicinal products for human use. The guidelines cover such areas as requirements for purchase, receiving, storage, and export of drugs intended for human consumption. Good Distribution Practices are based on the Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR, Parts 210 and 211, and USP 1079.

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

Requirements governing the quality procedures of medical device manufacturers are based on the Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR, parts 808, 812, and 820, which outline Good Manufacturing Practices.

Goods Received Note (GRN)

Documentation raised by the recipient of materials or products.

GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that uses satellites to precisely locate an object on Earth. It is used by trucking companies to locate over-the-road equipment.

GreenField

A method used to launch a new processor initiative where no others of that type have previously existed.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by human activities is a significant concern. Greenhouse gases are identified as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

GreenLane

A concept that would give C-TPAT members who demonstrate the highest standards of secure practices additional benefits for exceeding the minimum requirements of the program. GreenLane benefits would include expedited movement of cargo, especially during an incident of national significance.

Grid Technique

A quantitative technique to determine the least-cost center, given raw material sources and markets, for locating a plant or warehouse.

Gross Inventory

Value of inventory at standard cost before any reserves for excess and obsolete items are taken.

Gross Margin

The amount of contribution to the business enterprise, after paying for direct fixed and direct variable unit costs, required to cover overheads (fixed commitments) and provide a buffer for unknown items, expresses the relationship between gross profit and sales revenue.

Gross National Product (GNP)

A measure of a nation's output: the total value of all final goods and services produced during a period of time.

Gross Weight

The total weight of the vehicle and the payload of freight or passengers is important in logistics.

Groupthink

A situation in which critical information is withheld from the team because individual members censor or restrain themselves, either because they believe their concerns are not worth discussing or because they are afraid of confrontation.

GS1

The new name of EAN International is GS1 US. GS1 US is the new name of the Uniform Code Council, Inc® (UCC®), which is the GS1 Member Organization for the U.S. It is the association that administers UCS, WINS, and VICS, and provides UCS identification codes and UPCs. GS1 subgroups also manage the standards for electronic product codes (EPCGlobal) and Rosettanet.

GTIN

Global Trade Item Number: a unique number that comprises up to 14 digits and is used to identify an item (product or service) for which there is a need to retrieve predefined information that may be priced, ordered, or invoiced at any point in the supply chain.

GTM

Global Trade Management.

Guaranteed Loans

Loans made to railroads that are co-signed and guaranteed by the federal government.

HA

High Availability Clusters.

Handling Costs

The cost involved in moving, transferring, preparing, and otherwise handling inventory.

Hard Copy

Computer output printed on paper.

Harmonized Code

An international classification system assigns identification numbers to specific products. The coding system ensures that all parties in international trade use a consistent classification for the purposes of documentation, statistical control, and duty assessment.

Haulage

The inland transport service, which is offered by the carrier under the terms and conditions of the tariff and the relative transport document.

Hawaiian carrier

A for-hire air carrier that operates within the state of Hawaii.

Hawthorne Effect

From a study conducted at the Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric Company in 1927-1932, it was found that the act of showing people that you are concerned usually results in better job performance. Studying and monitoring activities are typically seen as being concerned, and this results in improved productivity.

Hazardous Goods

A substance or material, which the Department of Transportation has determined to be capable of posing a risk to health, safety, and property when stored or transported in commerce. Also, see Material Safety Data Sheet.

Hazardous Material

A substance or material, which the Department of Transportation has determined to be capable of posing a risk to health, safety, and property when stored or transported in commerce. Also, see Material Safety Data Sheet.

HazMat

A substance or material, which the Department of Transportation has determined to be capable of posing a risk to health, safety, and property when stored or transported in commerce. Also, see Material Safety Data Sheet.

Hedge Inventory

Excess inventories are held to provide a buffer against risks associated with certain contingent events. These events may include price increases and availability reductions that are associated with work stoppages, plant shutdowns, disasters, or acts of terrorism.

Heijunka

An element of the Toyota Production System that averages the volume and sequence of scheduled items to provide level production and help enable just-in-time (JIT).

Hierarchy of Cost Assignability

In cost accounting, an approach is used to group activity costs at the level of an organization where they are incurred or can be directly related to. Examples include the level where individual units are identified (unit-level), where batches of units are organized or processed (batch-level), where a process is operated or supported (process-level), or where costs cannot be objectively assigned to lower-level activities or processes (facility-level). This approach is used to better understand the nature of the costs, including the level in the organization at which they are incurred, the level to which they can be initially assigned (attached), and the degree to which they are assignable to other activity and/or cost object levels, i.e., activity or cost object cost or sustaining costs.

High Availability Clusters (HA)

A group of linked computers, connected through a fast local area network, that is implemented primarily for the purpose of providing high availability of services.

Highway Trust Fund

Federal highway use tax revenues are paid into this fund, and the federal government's share of highway construction is paid from the fund.

Highway Use Taxes

Taxes assessed by federal and state governments against users of the highway (the fuel tax is an example). The use tax money is used to pay for the construction, maintenance, and policing of highways.

Hi-low

Usually, it refers to a forklift truck on which the operator must stand rather than sit.

Home Page

The starting point for a website is the page that is retrieved and displayed by default when a user visits the website. The default homepage name for a server depends on the server's configuration. On many web servers, it is index.html or default.htm. Some web servers support multiple homepages.

Honeycombing

1. The practice of removing merchandise in pallet load quantities, where the space is not exhausted in an orderly fashion, results in inefficiencies. This is due to the fact that the received merchandise may not be efficiently stored in the space created by the honeycombing. 2. Storing or withdrawing supplies in a manner that results in vacant space, which is not usable for the storage of other items. 3. The creation of unoccupied space resulting from the withdrawal of unit loads is one of the major hidden costs of warehousing.

Honeycomb Loss

When storing multiple SKUs in a single region, full utilization of all the available space is not desirable because it could result in some items not being accessible. Honeycomb loss, the price paid for accessibility, is the unusable empty storage space in a lane or stack due to the storage of only a single SKU in each lane or stack. Storing items from different SKUs would block access.